I've registered a UK trademark and have a European Registered Design - so have a little knowledge of the process and the legalities - but not everything or even close to it.
One thing that people misunderstand is that the following exist and both give protection:
1. Registered Trademark
2. Unregistered Trademark
Both give protection. Registering a mark helps by giving a confirmable date by which you had the mark.
What about if the domain is in the UK, and the trademark is registered in the USA only?
I think this depends on a lot.
Do they have any right (registered or even unregistered) to the mark in the UK? Thank could be do they have a website that has UK customers? Do they ship to the UK? Do they have a UK/EU/Worldwide trademark? Even if they don't have one registered they still may have the right to unregistered trademark protection, and therefore the right to those who infringe/pass-off.
Does it matter where YOU are, or where the domain is?
Only in so much as what I said above. Do they have
any right in the location that you are?
Also, what if they haven't registered a trademark and just have a known website?
They may still have unregistered trademark right and protection.
What about if you have a totally unrelated site to the TM you are close to, or typo-ing? isn't it only a problem if you are a competing site?
Not necessarily.
You may be infringing their right by having a 'confusingly similar' name (including typos). And they may be able to demonstrate clear bad faith by you potentially profiting by confusing their customers.
There are cases where your businesses may be completely different, and you could have the same name, and there might not be any problem concerning trademarks - depends on the situation.
There are also rules on what words/phrases can be registered as trademarks (all interesting stuff, see
http://www.patent.gov.uk)
For example 'Orange Mobile' can be registered as they are 2 unrelated words, joined to form something unique. So it makes for a strong trademark.
However, 'Orange Juice' or 'Orange Fruit Shop' are more questionable and probably couldn't be registered as trademarks in my opinion because the words are all related and so it would make it impossible for consumers to differentiate this brand or company from another in another part of the country using the same/similar name or phrase...
Wow... this turned into an essay!